Introduction

Evolution of 5G

1G refers to the first generation of wireless mobile communication where analog signals were used to transmit data. It was introduced in the US in 1980s for voice communication. Some characteristics of 1G communication are
Speeds up to 2.4 kbps.
Poor voice quality.
Large phones with limited battery life.
No data security.

2G refers to the second generation of mobile telephony which used digital signals for the first time. It was launched in Finland in 1991 and used GSM technology. Some characteristics of 2G communication are .
Data speeds up to 64 kbps.
Text and multimedia messaging possible.
Better quality than 1G.

Third generation (3G) of mobile telephony began with the start of the new millennium and offered major advancement over previous generations. Some of the characteristics of this generation are
Data speeds of 144 kbps to 2 Mbps.
High speed web browsing.
Running web based applications like video conferencing, multimedia e-mails, etc.
Fast and easy transfer of audio and video files.
Support 3D gaming.

Fourth generation (4G) of mobile communication was introduced in 2011. Its major characteristics are
Speeds of 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps.
Mobile web access.
High definition mobile TV.
Cloud computing.
Support IP telephone.

5G stands for “fifth generation” cellular communication was released in 2019. 5G can operate in the millimeter wave (a super high frequency spectrum that ranges from 24 to 100 GHz), where the amount of spectrum available for 5G means data can be transferred much faster than is currently possible. Some characteristics of 5G communication are
High & increased peak bit rate (Up to 10Gbps connections to endpoints in the field).
Larger data volume per unit area.
High capacity to allow more devices connectivity concurrently and instantaneously (100 percent coverage).
More bandwidth.
Lower battery consumption.
Better connectivity irrespective of the geographic region where you are in.
A larger number of supporting devices (10 to 100x number of connected devices).
Lower cost of infrastructural development.
Higher reliability of the communications (One millisecond end-to-end round trip delay).